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Caverns are large underground spaces that are formed naturally through geological processes. They are a type of cave, but "cavern" is often used to describe larger, more complex cave systems. Many caverns are formed in limestone rock through a process called chemical weathering. Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and soil, forming a weak carbonic acid. This acidic water seeps into the ground and gradually dissolves the limestone, creating underground voids. Over thousands to millions of years, these voids can expand into large caverns through the continued action of water. Erosion can enlarge the spaces and create intricate passageways. Some caverns, like lava tubes, are formed by volcanic activity. As lava flows and cools, it can leave behind large hollow spaces. In rare cases, caverns can be formed by other geological processes such as tectonic forces or the erosion of sandstone. These are common features in caverns formed from the deposition of minerals. ...